Hypercalcemia of malignancy is a condition characterized by elevated levels of calcium in the blood, resulting from cancer-related processes. It is a relatively common complication observed in individuals with advanced cancer. This article aims to provide an overview of hypercalcemia of malignancy, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment options.

Hypercalcemia of malignancy occurs due to various mechanisms associated with cancer. The primary causes include:

Bone metastases: When cancer spreads to the bones, it can disrupt the normal balance of bone remodeling, leading to increased release of calcium into the bloodstream.

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP): Certain cancers, such as lung, breast, and renal cell carcinoma, can produce PTHrP, a hormone-like substance that mimics the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTHrP increases the release of calcium from bones and reduces its excretion by the kidneys.

Local osteolytic factors: Tumors can secrete substances that promote bone breakdown (osteolysis), resulting in the release of calcium into the bloodstream.

Increased calcitriol production: Some cancers can produce an excess of calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol enhances calcium absorption from the intestines and contributes to hypercalcemia.

Hypercalcemia of malignancy can cause a range of symptoms, which may vary in severity. Common signs and symptoms include:

Fatigue and weakness

Excessive thirst and frequent urination

Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite

Constipation

Abdominal pain

Bone pain and fractures

Altered mental status, confusion, or even coma in severe cases

III. Treatment of Hypercalcemia of Malignancy:

The management of hypercalcemia of malignancy involves addressing both the underlying cancer and the elevated calcium levels. 

Intravenous hydration: Adequate hydration with saline infusion helps promote urinary calcium excretion and prevents dehydration.

Bisphosphonates: These medications inhibit bone resorption and are commonly used to reduce calcium levels rapidly.

Calcitonin: Calcitonin is a hormone that decreases calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown and increasing urinary excretion.

Glucocorticoids: In certain cases, glucocorticoids can be administered to decrease calcium levels and inhibit calcitriol production.

Denosumab: This medication inhibits the activity of cells responsible for bone breakdown and can help reduce calcium levels.

Chemotherapy or radiation therapy: Treating the underlying cancer can address the root cause of hypercalcemia in some cases.

Hypercalcemia of malignancy is a significant complication that can arise in individuals with advanced cancer. It is essential to recognize the causes, symptoms, and available treatment options to manage this condition effectively. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate interventions can alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and potentially contribute to better outcomes for cancer patients. If you or a loved one experience symptoms suggestive of hypercalcemia, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and guidance tailored to individual circumstances.